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\title{Online Supplementary Materials for “Social Disruption, Gun-Buying, and Anti-System Beliefs”}
\author{Matthew Lacombe, Matthew Simonson, Jon Green, Jamie Druckman}
\date{September 23, 2022}


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\maketitle

\appendix
\section{Sample Descriptive Features}


Table A1 shows the demographics of our sample after reweighting to approximate the 2018 American Community Survey proportions for gender, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, urbanicity, and region. We find, in general, that our weights suffice for the other variables in the weighted sample to likewise reflect demographic patterns in the U.S. adult population. PureSpectrum draws upon a variety of commercial panels including Mfour, some of which recruit volunteers and others which incentivize their respondents through loyalty points, rewards in computer games, or cash.

\vskip 0.1 in

\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{appendix_tables/a1}

\section{Question Wording and Coding}

\subsection{Gun-Related Variables}

\subsubsection*{Gun Owner}

Do you or a member of your household own a gun? (\emph{Gun Owner} coded 1 if “Yes”, 0 if “No”)

\subsubsection*{Pandemic Gun-Buyer}

Did you or a member of your household buy a gun during the COVID-19 pandemic (in the past 12 months)? (\emph{Pandemic Gun-Buyer} coded 1 if “yes”, 0 if “no”)

\subsection*{Pre-Existing Owner and New Owner}
Did you or a member of your household own a gun before the COVID-19 pandemic (over 12 months ago)? (\emph{Pre-existing owner} coded 1 if “yes”, 0 if “no”; \emph{New Owner} coded in reverse)

\subsubsection*{Reasons for Pandemic Gun-Buying}
What were the reasons you or a member of your household decided to get a gun? (Please select all that apply)
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Hunting
  \item Target shooting
  \item Protection against crime
  \item Protection against the government
  \item Because of COVID-19
  \item Because of the lockdown and restrictions
  \item Because of the election
  \item Protection against someone I know personally
  \item Other
\end{enumerate}

\noindent The aggregated reasons were coded as follows:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \emph{hobby} is coded as 1 if options 1 or 2 chosen; otherwise 0
  \item \emph{threat} is coded as 1 if options 3-8 chosen; otherwise 0
  \item \emph{other} is coded 1 if option 9 is chosen; otherwise 0
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Trust Outcomes}

The \emph{trust health officials} variable is an average of the following three items. These items were originally embedded in a longer list.

\vskip 0.1in

\noindent How much do you trust the following people and organizations to do the right thing to best handle the current coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak?
\begin{itemize}
  \item The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 
  \item The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
  \item Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institute of Health
\end{itemize}
Response options: A lot, some, not too much, not at all (Reverse coded 1-4)

\vskip 0.1in
\noindent The \emph{trust scientists} and \emph{trust news media} outcomes appeared in a similar list:

\begin{itemize}
  \item Scientists and researchers
  \item The news media
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Conspiracy Outcomes}
\subsubsection*{Health conspiracy outcomes}

Respondents received a “1” for saying accurate and a “0” for saying inaccurate or not sure, except for the clinical trials item which was reverse coded (1 for inaccurate, 0 for accurate or not sure). The vaccine conspiracy index is the average of these scores.
\vskip 0.1in
\noindent Below are some statements about the current health crisis. To the best of your knowledge, are those statements accurate or inaccurate?
\begin{itemize}
    \item The COVID-19 vaccines will alter people’s DNA.
    \item The COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips that could track people.
    \item The COVID-19 vaccines contain the lung tissue of aborted fetuses.
    \item The COVID-19 vaccines can cause infertility, making it more difficult to get pregnant.
    \item The COVID-19 vaccines were tested on thousands of people in clinical trials.
\end{itemize}
Response options: “Accurate”, “Inaccurate”, “Not Sure” (coded 1 if “accurate,” 0 otherwise)


\subsubsection*{Trump won}

How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “If votes were fairly counted, Donald Trump would have won the 2020 election”? (Coded 1 if “Strongly agree”, 0 otherwise)

\subsection{Control Variables}

\subsubsection*{Race}

Response options included “White”, “Hispanic”, “Black or African American”, “Asian”, and various other categories coded as “Other”. At the time we began the survey, our survey provider did not separate out Hispanic ethnicity as a separate question nor allow respondents to check multiple options except by selecting “other”.

\subsubsection*{Female}

Gender (Coded 1 if “Female”, 0 otherwise)

\subsubsection*{Children in HH}

Number of children under 18 in household (Coded 1 if at least “1”, 0 otherwise)

\subsubsection*{Age in decades}

Age (Respondent enters number of years; divided by 10 when coded)

\subsubsection*{College}

What is the highest level of education you have completed? (coded 1 if “Bachelor’s Degree” or “Graduate Degree”; otherwise 0)

\subsubsection*{HH Income (10k)}

What was the total combined income of your household for the past year? Please give us your best estimate.

\subsubsection*{Community}

Respondents were asked in a screening question prior to the survey to enter their ZIP Code. We mapped these ZIP Codes to counties and then classified each county according to the National Center for Health Studies (NCHS) Urban-Rural Classification Scheme. Follow Pew Research, we collapsed the six NCHS levels into Urban (“Large Central Metro”), Rural (“Micropolitan” or “Non-core”), and Suburban (the four levels in between). See https://medium.com/pew-research-center-decoded/evaluating-what-makes-a-u-s-community-urban-suburban-or-rural-159f9d082842

\subsubsection*{White Evangelical}

Would you describe yourself as a born-again or evangelical Christian, or not?

Coded as 1 if “yes” (and if race = “White”), 0 if “no” (or if not “White”)

\subsubsection*{Party}
Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a...
\begin{itemize}
  \item Republican
  \item Democrat 
  \item Independent 
  \item Other
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Ideological Identity}
In general, do you think of yourself as...
\begin{itemize}
\item Extremely liberal  (1) 
\item Liberal  (2) 
\item Slightly liberal  (3) 
\item Moderate, middle of the road  (4) 
\item Slightly conservative  (5) 
\item Conservative  (6) 
\item Extremely conservative  (7) 
\end{itemize}
(variable analyzed as a 7-point scale)

\subsubsection*{Region}

Based on state of residence, respondents were classified into 8 regions: “West Coast”, “Rockies”, “Southwest”, “Great Plains”, “Midwest”, “South”, “Mid-Atlantic”, “New England”

\subsubsection*{Hardship Index}
The \emph{hardship index} was constructed from the number of items a respondent checked in the following list (except for “None of the above”).

Are you or someone in your household \textbf{currently experiencing} any of the following as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak? (Please select all that apply)

\begin{itemize}
  \item Had to start working from home
  \item Had their school or university closed
  \item Had to stop or scale back work to take care of their children
  \item Had to stop or scale back work to take care of someone who had COVID-19
  \item Had to take a cut in pay due to reduced hours or demand for their work
  \item Was unable to make rent or mortgage payments
  \item Was evicted from their home
  \item Was laid off or lost a job
  \item Was unable to make rent or mortgage payments
  \item Was evicted from their home
  \item None of the above
\end{itemize}


\subsubsection*{COVID in HH}

The following two questions were used to construct the COVID-19 House variable. Respondents who answered “Yes” to the first question or any answer aside from “None” on the second question were coded as 1. All others were coded as 0. 

Have you ever been diagnosed with coronavirus (COVID-19)?

\begin{itemize}
  \item Yes, I was diagnosed by a medical professional	
  \item No, I was not diagnosed but I think I may  have it now 
  \item No, I was not diagnosed but I think I had it previously and recovered 
  \item No, I was not diagnosed and I do not think I ever had it 
  \item I am not sure
\end{itemize}

How many members of your household (other than yourself) have been diagnosed with coronavirus (COVID-19)?
\begin{itemize}
  \item None
  \item One
  \item Two
  \item Three
  \item Four
  \item Five or more
\end{itemize}


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\section{Regression Tables}

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Full version of Table 1 from main text
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Full version of Table 2 from main text
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